Individually guided training prescription by heart rate variability and self-reported measure of stress tolerance in recreational runners: Effects on endurance performance.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of endurance training individually guided by objective (Heart Rate Variability-HRV) or self-report measure of stress (DALDA-questionnaire) in comparison to predefined endurance training prescription for improving endurance performance in recreational runners. After a 2-week preliminary baseline period to establish resting HRV and self-reported measure of stress, thirty-six male recreational runners were randomly assigned to HRV-guided (GHRV; n = 12), DALDA-guided (GD; n = 12) or predefined training (GT; n = 12) prescription groups. Before and after 5-weeks of endurance training, participants performed a track field peak velocity (Vpeak_TF), time limit (Tlim) at 100% of Vpeak_TF and 5 km time-trial (5 km TT) tests. GD lead to higher improvements in Vpeak_TF (8.4 ± 1.8%; ES = 1.41) and 5 km TT (-12.8 ± 4.2%; ES = -1.97), than GHRV (6.6 ± 1.5% and -8.3 ± 2.8%; ES = -1.20; 1.24) and GT (4.9 ± 1.5% and -6.0 ± 3.3%; ES = -0.82; 0.68), respectively, with no differences for Tlim. Self-report measures of stress may be used to individualize endurance training prescription on a daily basis leading to better performance enhancement, which may be used with HRV for a holistic understanding of daily training-induce adaptations.

Peak Running Velocity or Critical Speed Under Field Conditions: Which Best Predicts 5-km Running Performance in Recreational Runners?

This study aimed to examine which variable, between the peak running velocity determined on the track field (V peak_TF) and critical speed (CS), is the best predictor of the 5-km running performance in recreational runners. Twenty-five males performed three tests to determine the V peak_TF, CS, and 5-km running performance on the track field, with a minimal interval of 48 h between each test. The V peak _TF protocol started with a velocity of 8 km⋅h-1, followed by an increase of 1 km⋅h-1 every 3 min until volitional exhaustion, which was controlled by sound signals, with cones at every 25 m indicating when the participants were required to pass the cone's position to maintain the required velocity. The participants performed three time trials (TTs) (1: 2,600 m; 2: 1,800 m; and 3: 1,000 m) on the same day, with a 30-min rest period to determine the CS through the combinations of three (CS1,2,3) and two TTs (CS1,2, CS1,3, and CS2,3). The 5-km running performance time was recorded to determine the test duration, and the mean velocity (MV) was calculated. There was a significant difference observed between the V peak_TF and the MV 5-km running performance. However, no differences were found between the CS values and the MV 5-km running performance. A correlation was observed between the V peak_TF (R = -0.90), CS1,2,3 (R = -0.95), CS1,3 (R = -0.95), and the 5-km running performance time. Linear regression indicated that the V peak_TF (R 2 = 0.82), CS1,2,3 (R 2 = 0.90), and CS1,3 (R 2 = 0.90) significantly predicted the 5-km running performance time. The CS results showed a higher predictive power for the 5-km running performance, slightly better than the V peak_TF. Also, CS1,2,3 and the CS1,3 presented the highest predictive power for the 5-km running performance of recreational runners.

Coaches' and young soccer players' training load perceptions during different training phases / Percepciones de la carga de entrenamiento de entrenadores y jóvenes jugadores de fútbol durante diferentes fases de entrenamiento / Percepção da carga de treinamento de técnicos e jovens jogadores de futebol durante diferentes fases de treinamento

OBJECTIVE: To our Knowledge, information about the agreement between coaches and the young soccer players' session rating of perceived exertion is not consistent during specific periods of training (intensification and taper) and has not been established. The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the internal training load and session rating of perceived exertion between coaches' and young soccer players' during three weeks in different training phases. METHOD: Participants were 16 male elite Under19 soccer players and their coaches. Before each training session, the coaches reported a session rating of perceived exertion using the Borg CR-10 scale as well as the planned duration (min) of the training based on prior planning, while the athletes responded the scale after each training session. RESULTS: No differences in intensity session rating of perceived exertion (t = 0.49; p = 0.62) and training load (t = 0.18; p = 0.86) were observed between coaches and players during the training period analyzed. During different training phases, no significant differences were found during intensification (t = 0.18; p = 0.85) and taper (t = -0.19; p = 0.85) in training loads and in the session rating of perceived exertion prescribed by coaches and perceived by players. A very large correlation was observed between coaches training load (r= 0.84) and players training load. However, a trivial correlation was found between players training load and changes in the Yo-yo IR1 performance (r= -0.09), age (r= -0.06) and years of competitive experience (r= -0.08). Stepwise linear regression revealed that coaches training load (F1; 238= 582.7; R2= 0.710; p < 0.001) explained 71% of the variance in players training load. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the session rating of perceived exertion and training load prescribed during three weeks in different training phases (by coaches) was not different from perceived by young soccer players. Moreover, coaches training load seem to be effective to predict the training load in soccer players

OBJETIVO: En nuestro conocimiento, la información sobre la concordáncia entre la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo durante el entrenamiento de entrenadores y de jóvenes julgadores de fútbol, durante los períodos específicos de entrenamiento (intensificación y reducción de cargas), no se ha establecido. El propósito de este estudio fue examinar y comparar la carga interna de entrenamiento y la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo durante el entrenamiento entre los entrenadores y jóvenes jugadores de fútbol durante tres semanas en diferentes fases de formación. MÉTODO: Participaron 16 jugadores de fútbol sub19 y sus entrenadores. Antes de cada sesión de entrenamiento, los entrenadores informaron una clasificación del esfuerzo de sesión percibido usando la escala Borg CR-10 así como la duración planificada (min) de la capacitación basada en la planificación previa, mientras que los atletas respondieron la escala después de cada sesión de entrenamiento. RESULTADOS: No se observaron diferencias en la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo durante el entrenamiento (t = 0.49; p = 0.62) y la carga de entrenamiento (t = 0.18; p = 0.86) entre el entrenador y los jugadores durante el período de entrenamiento analizado. Durante las diferentes fases de entrenamiento no se encontraron diferencias significativas durante la intensificación (t = 0.18; p = 0.85) ni la reducción de cargas (t = -0.19; p = 0.85), en las cargas de entrenamiento y en la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo, durante el entrenamiento prescrito por el entrenador y percibido por los julgadores. Se observaron correlaciones muy grandes entre la carga de entrenamiento de los entrenadores (r = 0.84) y la carga de entrenamiento de los jugadores. Sin embargo, se encontró una correlación trivial entre la carga de entrenamiento de los jugadores y los cambios en el rendimiento del Yo-yo IR1 (r = -0.09), edad (r = -0.06) y años de experiencia competitiva (r = -0.08). La regresión lineal múltiple reveló que la carga de entrenamiento de los entrenadores (F1; 238 = 582.7, R2 = 0.710, p <0.001) explicó el 71% de la varianza en la carga de entrenamiento de los jugadores. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados sugieren que la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo durante el entrenamiento prescrito durante tres semanas, en diferentes fases de entrenamiento, no fue diferente de lo percibido por los jugadores jóvenes de fútbol. Además, la carga de entrenamiento de los entrenadores parece ser eficaz para predecir la carga de entrenamiento en estos jugadores

OBJETIVO: Nenhum estudo examinou se a concordância entre a percepção subjetiva de esforço do treinador e de jovens jogadores de futebol é consistente durante períodos específicos de treinamento (intensificação e taper). O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar e comparar a carga interna de treinamento e a percepção subjetiva de esforço da sessão entre treinadores e jovens futebolistas durante três semanas em diferentes fases de treinamento. MÉTODOS: Participaram 16 jogadores de futebol sub-19 e seus treinadores. Antes de cada sessão de treinamento, os treinadores informaram uma classificação de esforço da sessão percebido usando a escala de BORG CR-10 assim como a duração planejada (min) do treinamento, enquanto os atletas responderam à escala após cada sessão de treinamento. RESULTADOS: Não foram observadas diferenças para a percepção subjetiva de esforço da sessão (t = 0.49; p = 0.62) e para a carga de treinamento (t = 0.18; p = 0.86) entre os técnicos e jogadores durante o período de treinamento analizado. Durante as diferentes fases de treinamento, não foram encontradas diferenças significantes durante a intensificação (t = 0.18; p = 0.85) e taper (t = -0.19; p = 0.85) na carga de treinamento e a percepção subjetiva de esforço da sessão prescrita pelos técnicos e a percebida pelos jogadores. Correlações muito grandes foram observadas entre a carga de treinamento dos treinadores (r= 0.84) e a carga de treinamento dos jogadores. No entanto, foi encontrada uma correlação trivial entre a carga de treinamento dos jogadores e as mudanças no desempenho do Yo-yo IR1 (r = -0.09), idade (r = -0.06) e anos de experiência competitiva (r = -0.08). A regressão linear múltipla revelou que a carga de treinamento dos treinadores (F1; 238 = 582.7; R2 = 0.710; p <0.001) explicou 71% da variância na carga de treinamento dos jogadores. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem que, a percepção subjetiva de esforço da sessão e a carga de treinamento prescritos durante três semanas em diferentes fases de treinamento (pelos treinadores), não foi diferente do percebido pelos jovens jogadores de futebol. Além disso, a carga de treinamento dos treinadores parece ser eficaz para prever a carga de treinamento em jovens jogadores de futebol

Effect of beetroot juice supplementation on 10-km performance in recreational runners.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic beetroot juice (BRJ) supplementation on 10-km running performance in recreational runners. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover-designed study, 14 male recreational runners (age, 27.8 ± 3.4 years) performed three 10-km running tests, at baseline and under the conditions of BRJ supplementation and placebo (PLA). Supplementation was administered for 3 days, and on the days of the assessments, the ingestion occurred 2 h before the test and consisted of a dose of 420 mL of BRJ in natura (8.4 mmol inorganic nitrate (NO3-)·day-1) or PLA with depleted NO3- (0.01 mmol NO3-·day-1). The mean velocity (MV) was calculated, and the following variables were determined: maximal heart rate, maximal rating of perceived exertion, blood glucose concentration (analyzed before and after the test), and lactate peak. There was no main effect between conditions regarding 10-km running time performance (BRJ: 50.1 ± 5.3 min; PLA: 51.0 ± 5.1 min; P = 0.391) and total MV (BRJ: 12.1 ± 1.3 km·h-1; PLA: 11.9 ± 1.2 km·h-1; P = 0.321) or in the other analyzed variables. The time to complete the first half of the test (5 km) was statistically lower in the BRJ group than in the PLA group (P = 0.027). In conclusion, chronic supplementation with BRJ increased MV in the first half of the test and improved the final test times of 10 of the 14 runners, although we did not find a statistically significant difference in the performance of the 10-km run.

Educação Física Escolar: Percepções do Aluno com Deficiência1 / Physical Education: Disabled Students' Perceptions

RESUMO: a inclusão de alunos com deficiência é prevista em lei e manter boas estruturas físicas e pedagógicas na escola é um ponto fundamental para que o acesso possa acontecer. A Educação Física faz parte desta inclusão e pode proporcionar grandes melhoras na qualidade de vida de alunos com deficiência. Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender as percepções do aluno com deficiência a respeito das aulas de Educação Física. Para isso foi realizada uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa utilizando para coleta de dados uma entrevista semiestruturada a qual foi gravada, transcrita e posteriormente analisada. A amostra foi constituída de 20 alunos com deficiência matriculados em escolas regulares da cidade de Santos Dumont - MG. A partir das entrevistas, destacou-se a percepção do aluno com deficiência a respeito da Educação Física escolar; o entendimento deles quanto ao conceito de qualidade de vida; as melhoras proporcionadas na qualidade de vida através da Educação Física; as facilidades e as dificuldades nas aulas; e as questões concernentes à relação aluno/professor e aluno/aluno. Os resultados dessa pesquisa podem auxiliar a comunidade escolar e o professor de Educação Física a melhorarem a inclusão nas escolas regulares. Além disso, as percepções dos alunos com deficiência sobre as aulas podem ajudar o professor na busca de um ambiente melhor com aulas que atendam a todos e proporcionem uma melhor qualidade de vida.

ABSTRACT: The inclusion of disabled students is based on the law and the adaptation of physical and pedagogical structure at school represents a key point in order to make the access happen. Physical education is a part of the social inclusion and can provide great improvements in quality of life of students with disabilities. This research aimed to verify the perception of the student with disabilities on physical education classes. Therefore, a qualitative research was carried out, using a semi structured interview to collect data. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed. The sample was constituted by 20 students with disabilities enrolled in general schools at Santos Dumont, Minas Gerais. From the interviews, we highlighted the perceptions of students with disabilities on physical education at school; their understanding about the concept of quality of life; the improvements provided in the quality of life through physical education; successes and difficulties in class; and issues concerning the relationship student/ teacher and student/student. The results of this research can help the educational community and the physical education teacher to improve the quality of inclusion in general schools. In addition, perceptions of students with disabilities about the lessons can help the teacher in the search for a better environment with classes that meet everyone's needs and provide a better of quality of life.